Similarities and Differences Between Waldorf, Reggio Emilia, and Maria Montessori Approach.

Differences:

- Waldorf approach highly emphasize on imitation,he views that young children learn primarily through imitation and whatever is happening around the child becomes part of that child as he or she absorbs not only the outer actions of the adults, but inner attitudes too. Besides that, imagination due to, the capacity of young children to have the fantasy that allows them to transform endlessly and this provides another tools for the practitioner. Last but not least, is  rhythm and repetition, the ordering potential of rhythm gradually guides the child's movements and his energy until such times as he himself can be the  guide ( Oldfield,2001:79).
Whereas, Reggio Emilia  approach is highly focus on the parental involvement as partners, collaborators and advocates for their children. Other than that, the children in Reggio Emilia must have some control over the direction of their learning, refer to as Progeittazione , the children must be given the opportunity to express their ideas in the classrooms or called as child - centered curriculum.Finally, children  have a  relationships with other children and with materials items in the worlds that children must be allowed to explore.In contrast with Maria Montessori approach highly focus on affective and language education, as well as the literacy and calculation, last but not least, is absorbent mind this refer to the ability of the children to educate themselves.

Similarities:

-3 of the approaches focus or emphasized highly on respect for the child journey, in order for them to develop potentially, strong, powerful and competent in the future This is highlighted in the creation of a
‘Charter of Rights’, a manifesto of the rights of parents and teachers as well as children, which
is evident in every school. It states that: Children have the right to be recognised as subjects of
individual, legal, civil, and social rights; as both source and constructors of their own experience,
and thus active participants in the organisation of their identities, abilities, and autonomy, through
relationships and interaction with their peers, with adults, with ideas, with objects and with the real
and imaginary events of intercommunicating worlds. Moreover, they also have the similarity on the activity and movement, children must have endless way and opportunity to express themselves. Waldorf and Maria Montessori rely highly on practical life skills for the children to developed the independent skills at an early age.

John Bowlby Theory

     
             John  Bowlby was born in 1907, he  developed the attachment theory, which he believed that attachment bond develops easily during sensitive period, and attachment behaviors are instinctive and will be achieved by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such as  separation, insecurity and fear. There are  4 phases of attachment first, is preattachment phase from birth to 6 weeks, in the phase the infant will recognizes mother's voice,smell, and face , but not yet attached to her, they will also learn to built signals, such as grasping, smiling and crying. Second, attachment in the making phase from 6 weeks to 6-8 months, they start to develop the sense of trust and the expectation that caregiver will respond when signaled, but still not protest when separated from caregiver. Third, clear-cut attachment phase from 6-8 months to 18- 2 years, in this phase the  attachment to the caregiver is evident and they display separation anxiety which they will be upset when the caregiver is not there. Finally, formation of reciprocal relationship from 18 months to 2 years onwards, there are rapid growth in representation and language permits toddlers to understand some factors that influence the parents coming and going to predict his or her return and the separation protest decline in this phase they will as well negotiate by using requests and persuasion to alter their goal.

                However there are critics about the attachment theory.One of the main critics of  Bowlby's attachment theory is J. R. Harris. People assume that kind, honest, and respectful parents will have kind, honest, and respectful children and parents that are rude, liars, and disrespectful will have children that are the same way. This may not be the case according to Harris. Harris (1998) believes that parents do not shape their child's personality or character. A child's peers have more influence on them than their parents. For example, take children whose parents were immigrants. A child can continue to speak their parent's native language at home, but can also learn their new language and speak it without an accent, while the parents accent remains. Children learn these things from their peers because they want to fit in (Harris, 1998). Nature is the genetics that parents pass down to their child, and nurture is the way the parents bring the child up. It is a common belief in psychology that "nature gives parents a baby: the end result depends on how they nurture it. Good nurturing can make up for many of nature's mistakes: lack of nurturing can trash nature's best effort" (Harris, 1998, p. 2). Harris (1998) disagrees with this statement because she does not believe that nurture should be labeled as a synonym for environment, which it is in many psychology textbooks and papers. Using these two words interchangeably leads us to assume that what influences a child's development, along with genes, is parental up bringing. Harris calls this the nurture assumption. She disproves this assumption by showing that what children learn in the home may be irrelevant in the outside world. For example, identical twins separated at birth and brought up in separate homes are more likely to have the same habits, hobbies, and styles than identical twins raised in the same household. This shows the power of nature but not of nurture.
       John Bowlby attachment theory is  more focus on the mother's role and he didn't touch the father's role. There are pro and corns about this attachment theory developed by him and his theory still have the limitations and not fully developed.

How ICT can be used in outdoor learning

1) Nature Activities

a) Take a digital camera on a nature walk and let the children to capture the photo of the nature such as the plants and animals.

b)Record  environmental sounds and match them with digital images in a talking book.

c) Use the microscope/ visualizer to examine objects ( e.g. minibeasts) and take videos and pictures.

d) Use  precorded sounds of the animals to play guessing games  with the children

e) provide short cuts on the computer dekstop to find information about the nature.


Benefits- They can explore the nature by using different type ICT and it will the learning fun and creative for the children to explore and learn to use it as well but still need the adult supervision.


2) Safety on the Road

- Using  a carpet showing the picture of the road and set it with car toys and as well as the traffic light gadgets .  They can learn about the safety on the road  and as well as the rules on the road.

3) Dancing activities
- bring the radio outside and put on some music and let them to move freely by themselves and it can also be  an exercise or warm up activites as well, vital for their health and development skills

The Role Of Adult in Children Play

         The first role is to provide a safe environment for the children to play , to avoid any injury. Play area must have this rules because it is for the safety of the children and it have to be clean always to avoid the germs as well, this is the adult responsibility in order to make the play area really safe and clean for the children to play, for instance,if you want a play slide in the play area you have to provide a mat to avoid the children from falling down and hurt themselves. Furthermore, the parents have to be a good example for the children, if you want your own children to be active in play you must be active first, your child  will  follow your footstep to be active.
             Play is vital for the children especially to develop their cognitive, physical, emotional and social development and it have to be in a holistic view, for the physical development, it can help them to refine their gross and fine motor skills and it can also help them to be healthy and physically active, research shown that children who are physically active as child will be active in the future. Cognitive development it can help the to express the imagination and creativity and through play they can explore a lot of things such as the value of the nature and they will care for the nature, imagination will lead them to creativity such as, when the child is playing a horse rocker he will imagined that as if he was riding a horse. Social development,will lead them to interact with their friends and learn to cooperate and work in team in order to finish the  game for instance and from here they can learn to make friends.Emotional development, it can lead them to express themselves  as a child, as we know that children is an active participants so in order for the children  to be emotionally fit they must have this sort of play for them to learn to express themselves in a healthy way, by playing as well will help them to be happy and always smile because when the child play they will not only be active but also will affect their mood as well.
         Providing a big space for them to play also is important for the children to play, you should a big area for the child to explore and learn a lot of things when you have big area you can provide a lot of activity for them to play. The parents and the teachers have to participate and learn together with the children during the activity because one of the role as an adult is you have to suit yourself  in the child's life, means that you have to act like a child when you are playing with and let them to be a master at their house, this is according to Maria Montessori (1870) and you can give them  encouragement and praise them if they are to do it or to play very but if the child can't finish or not able to play, the parents must give them a lot of encouragement for them to win.
                    The adults should also encourage children to solve the problems by themselves and at an early age they should know how to think critically, for example to solve the game or play activity. Finally in the play area should consist of various type of play for the children to explore and really enjoys the benefits of play as a child.

Movie Preview

                         The letter  to god is about a boy who was about to die but he's very strong boy who always prays to god so that the people around him can make him happy everyday, he have a wonderful family, who always support him and love him very much . I love this movie very much, because of the boy even though he was dying but he still can make a difference   to other people . He was a great inspiration towards people to believe in god and appreciate what god has given to you and always be thankful towards him .His best friends Sam was a kind and loving although she was a bit boyish type but she still a good friend towards the boy and everyone I believe , we would like to have that kind of friend who will always be there for us, no matter we are happy or sad.Wonderful movie

Theories  Of  Early  Childhood

            The  theories  I  like  is  Albert  Bandura  because  his  theories  is about children  learn through observation  , they  observe  their  parents  behavior  and immitate  it. Parents  are the biggest  role model for the children , since  they were born the  first people they came to  know  are their parents so whatever the parents do they  will  sure to  immitate . My  mother  is  my  role model  because she show  a good examples of behavior  towards me and my  brothers  same goes to my fathers because since we were born they really have shown a  great examples such  as  praying five times a day, waking up very early in the morning , very dedicated to strive for the best and as well  they work  very  hard for us. The reasons why I like this theory is because it  talks about whatever the parents do  or act  the children will  follow  their parents  behavior  and that is true  because the same thing happened to  me  because I learned  a lot  from  my  mother that is her behavior  same goes to my  father.


             The  theories  that I don't like is   B.F  Skinner  because  his theories was  talking about  the behavior modification  ,if  you  want the children to be  good  you  have to praised  them  so that  they will behave  well  and good  .Positive reinforcement  is  when the child have done  something good  such as keeping the toys  at its place you will reward them with  cookies  or  chocolate  for negative reinforcement is the  punishment  you give to  the children ,if they  didn't keep the toys at  its place you ask  them to  satnd at the side this will  decrease their good behavior , for  me  I don't  like  to  to give  them  reward because they will  depend  on the reward to  be  good  and not  their own  innitiative to  be  good .  

This  Indoor setting is for the children to play  there are many type  play  here they  can with boat and other things as well  this section  is for them to express  themselves  and  as well  as  for them  to  promote  the sense of creativity  to the children because it is important for the children to play  because  they are an active participant  so you can’t stop them from  play it is essectial part for children to  learn  as well this kind  if environment will  create  the sense  enjoyment for the children to play and the spece  is very  attractive and fun  they can play  with their  friends and interact with each other  very  well.