John Bowlby Theory

     
             John  Bowlby was born in 1907, he  developed the attachment theory, which he believed that attachment bond develops easily during sensitive period, and attachment behaviors are instinctive and will be achieved by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such as  separation, insecurity and fear. There are  4 phases of attachment first, is preattachment phase from birth to 6 weeks, in the phase the infant will recognizes mother's voice,smell, and face , but not yet attached to her, they will also learn to built signals, such as grasping, smiling and crying. Second, attachment in the making phase from 6 weeks to 6-8 months, they start to develop the sense of trust and the expectation that caregiver will respond when signaled, but still not protest when separated from caregiver. Third, clear-cut attachment phase from 6-8 months to 18- 2 years, in this phase the  attachment to the caregiver is evident and they display separation anxiety which they will be upset when the caregiver is not there. Finally, formation of reciprocal relationship from 18 months to 2 years onwards, there are rapid growth in representation and language permits toddlers to understand some factors that influence the parents coming and going to predict his or her return and the separation protest decline in this phase they will as well negotiate by using requests and persuasion to alter their goal.

                However there are critics about the attachment theory.One of the main critics of  Bowlby's attachment theory is J. R. Harris. People assume that kind, honest, and respectful parents will have kind, honest, and respectful children and parents that are rude, liars, and disrespectful will have children that are the same way. This may not be the case according to Harris. Harris (1998) believes that parents do not shape their child's personality or character. A child's peers have more influence on them than their parents. For example, take children whose parents were immigrants. A child can continue to speak their parent's native language at home, but can also learn their new language and speak it without an accent, while the parents accent remains. Children learn these things from their peers because they want to fit in (Harris, 1998). Nature is the genetics that parents pass down to their child, and nurture is the way the parents bring the child up. It is a common belief in psychology that "nature gives parents a baby: the end result depends on how they nurture it. Good nurturing can make up for many of nature's mistakes: lack of nurturing can trash nature's best effort" (Harris, 1998, p. 2). Harris (1998) disagrees with this statement because she does not believe that nurture should be labeled as a synonym for environment, which it is in many psychology textbooks and papers. Using these two words interchangeably leads us to assume that what influences a child's development, along with genes, is parental up bringing. Harris calls this the nurture assumption. She disproves this assumption by showing that what children learn in the home may be irrelevant in the outside world. For example, identical twins separated at birth and brought up in separate homes are more likely to have the same habits, hobbies, and styles than identical twins raised in the same household. This shows the power of nature but not of nurture.
       John Bowlby attachment theory is  more focus on the mother's role and he didn't touch the father's role. There are pro and corns about this attachment theory developed by him and his theory still have the limitations and not fully developed.

How ICT can be used in outdoor learning

1) Nature Activities

a) Take a digital camera on a nature walk and let the children to capture the photo of the nature such as the plants and animals.

b)Record  environmental sounds and match them with digital images in a talking book.

c) Use the microscope/ visualizer to examine objects ( e.g. minibeasts) and take videos and pictures.

d) Use  precorded sounds of the animals to play guessing games  with the children

e) provide short cuts on the computer dekstop to find information about the nature.


Benefits- They can explore the nature by using different type ICT and it will the learning fun and creative for the children to explore and learn to use it as well but still need the adult supervision.


2) Safety on the Road

- Using  a carpet showing the picture of the road and set it with car toys and as well as the traffic light gadgets .  They can learn about the safety on the road  and as well as the rules on the road.

3) Dancing activities
- bring the radio outside and put on some music and let them to move freely by themselves and it can also be  an exercise or warm up activites as well, vital for their health and development skills

The Role Of Adult in Children Play

         The first role is to provide a safe environment for the children to play , to avoid any injury. Play area must have this rules because it is for the safety of the children and it have to be clean always to avoid the germs as well, this is the adult responsibility in order to make the play area really safe and clean for the children to play, for instance,if you want a play slide in the play area you have to provide a mat to avoid the children from falling down and hurt themselves. Furthermore, the parents have to be a good example for the children, if you want your own children to be active in play you must be active first, your child  will  follow your footstep to be active.
             Play is vital for the children especially to develop their cognitive, physical, emotional and social development and it have to be in a holistic view, for the physical development, it can help them to refine their gross and fine motor skills and it can also help them to be healthy and physically active, research shown that children who are physically active as child will be active in the future. Cognitive development it can help the to express the imagination and creativity and through play they can explore a lot of things such as the value of the nature and they will care for the nature, imagination will lead them to creativity such as, when the child is playing a horse rocker he will imagined that as if he was riding a horse. Social development,will lead them to interact with their friends and learn to cooperate and work in team in order to finish the  game for instance and from here they can learn to make friends.Emotional development, it can lead them to express themselves  as a child, as we know that children is an active participants so in order for the children  to be emotionally fit they must have this sort of play for them to learn to express themselves in a healthy way, by playing as well will help them to be happy and always smile because when the child play they will not only be active but also will affect their mood as well.
         Providing a big space for them to play also is important for the children to play, you should a big area for the child to explore and learn a lot of things when you have big area you can provide a lot of activity for them to play. The parents and the teachers have to participate and learn together with the children during the activity because one of the role as an adult is you have to suit yourself  in the child's life, means that you have to act like a child when you are playing with and let them to be a master at their house, this is according to Maria Montessori (1870) and you can give them  encouragement and praise them if they are to do it or to play very but if the child can't finish or not able to play, the parents must give them a lot of encouragement for them to win.
                    The adults should also encourage children to solve the problems by themselves and at an early age they should know how to think critically, for example to solve the game or play activity. Finally in the play area should consist of various type of play for the children to explore and really enjoys the benefits of play as a child.